1. INTRODUCTION-HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT:

Safety in any operation works is best, if the person or people in charge take a leading role in managing safety and health. Most of business enterprises have established that good safety management principles can leads to improved productivity, and can build confidence levels in works for organizations. By improvising safety management principles, we can avoid industrial injuries and also can control other factors like time, money, stress and inconvenient. This makes good economic sense in the work environment[1].

For any construction project to be successful it should meet not only the construction requirements, but also maintain the highest safety standards for all concerned. The industry has to identify the hazards, assess the associated risks and bring the risks to tolerable level on a continuous basis [2]. Construction being a hazardous operation has considerable safety to worker. Unsafe acts and conditions at work site can lead to a number of accidents and may causes loss, damage to property, injury to human lives and further leads to reduction of production, etc [3]. Risk Assessment[RA] is a process of systematic method of determining and estimating the hazards connected with various activities and developing risk levels for each hazard. The hazards cannot be completely eliminated, and thus there is a need to define and estimate an accident risk level possible to be presented either in quantitative or qualitative way [4]. Because of the existing hazards of construction as an activity and the complexity of construction project and equipment and the associated systems, procedures and methods, it is not possible to be naturally safe. Regardless of how well the processes are designed, there will be always potential for serious accidents. The principal responsibility for the safety of any particular site and the manner in which it is operated rest with the management of that project. It is widely accepted within construction industries in general that the various techniques of risk assessment contribute greatly toward improvements in the safety of complex operations and equipment [5]. In many construction projects there is legislative requirement for risk assessment to be undertaken of all hazardous equipment, machinery and operations taking account of the procedures used for operation, maintenance, supervision and management [6].

Hazard identification and risk analysis[HIRA] mainly involving in identification of objectionable measures that leads to a hazard, the determination of hazard mechanism by which this undesirable incident could occur and usually the estimation of extent, magnitude and likelihood of harmful effects [7]. RA is the process of determining likelihood of workers to be exposed to an ill health, injury or disease in the worksite under any situation identified during the process of hazard identification prior to implementation of control techniques. Risk causes when a worker is exposed to a hazardous condition. Risk is a possibility that exposure to a hazard and it will lead to ill health or an injury. It is a measure of the probability and potential severity of harm or loss [8].

RA is a significant step in the cycle of disaster management planning and is very much essential in determining disaster mitigation techniques, which should be considered to reduce potential damages or losses. An approach to reduce the damage of disaster requires an estimation that signifies possible existing threats and their expected severity. The essential knowledge of possible estimation of damages to community or more susceptible to another resources mitigation techniques that we can take to reduce their risk [9].

RA is conceded in series of planned activities which develops a clear picture over the damages and vulnerabilities which explain various disaster procedures.

1.1Qualitative methods:

The Qualitative methodologies for risk assessment are the most commonly implemented for analysis. These Qualitative Risk Assessment Methods[QRAM] are speedy and relatively easy to apply in wide typical situations and they can suggest a general consideration of a relative risk between various risk events and matrix that can be used to isolate the events of risk into risk ratings. A rational systematic approach is normally followed during a QRAM to identify the significant risk events and at the same time to assess the results of the events and the possibility of their occurrence [10].

1.2 Risk Assessment:

Risk assessment is a process of evaluating the risk to safety and health from hazard at work. In mathematical term, risk can be calculated by using the equation,

RISK = LIKELIHOOD X SEVERITY......................................................................................................................[1]

Where the term ‘likelihood’ is an event likely to occur in a particular period or in specified conditions and, the term ‘severity’ is a result from an event, viz. damage to property or health of people, or severity of injury.

RA develops significant phase in cycle of disaster management planning and it is essential to estimate mitigation measures should be taken to reduce future damages or losses. Any attempt to reduce the impact of disaster requires an analysis that indicates what threats exist, there expected severity, who or what they may effect, any why.

1.3 Process of HIRA:

The following stages are involved in the operation of HIRA,

Classify the work activities.

Identify hazard

Conduct risk assessment (analyse an estimate risk from each hazard), by calculating or estimating.

Likelihood of occurrence and

Severity of hazard

The various stages of HIRA are presented in the fig 01 and the details of severity matrix during risk assessment are considering the category of probability or likelihood against the consequences. The details are presented in table 01.

Figure – 01: Flowchart of HIRA

TABLE 01: Severity Matrix

SEVERITY(S)
LIKELIHOOD	1	2	3	4	5
5	5	10	15	20	25
4	4	8	12	16	20
3	3	6	9	12	15
2	2	4	6	8	10
1	1	2	3	4	5

RED - If risk level is high

YELLOW - If risk level is medium

GREEN – If risk level is low

2. LITERATURE REVIEW:

In the initial stages of our research work we have studied the current scenario of accidents in construction projects in India. We have exclusively referred Leenu Paul 2018, depends on the questionnaire survey which was collected from the local high-rise building contractors. The paper describing the risk factors mainly focusing on negative impact on project budget and schedule in the construction of high-rise buildings. Moja et al 2016, identified the hazards and risks associated with the various processes involved in each step and suggest possible measures to control the identified risks. Vibin Rakesh 2015 discussed about the formwork design criteria consider the strength, stability, rigidity of the supporting structure and the safety of persons engaged in the erection, alteration and dismantling of the formwork. Renuka et al 2014 describes the significant risk factors and its estimation techniques through relative study of various national and international construction projects. Anandhababu et al 2014, states that the risk involved in the construction works is relatively higher than the other works. López-Arquillos 2014, detailed formwork activities as they are associated with high frequency of accidents and injuries and an investigation of the activities and related safety risks present in vertical formwork of in-situ concrete construction in the construction management field. Krithika Priyadarshini 2010 investigated the hazard identification skills of new entrants to the mining industry and collected ideas of strategies to improve this process from Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Managers. Fung et al 2010 investigates the need for people involved in construction to take systematic and effective risk assessments for different trades. A Risk Assessment Model (RAM) is then developed for assessing risk levels as various project stages with various work trades.

3. RISK ASSESSMENT FOR EXCAVATION:

3.1 EXCAVATION:

Excavation is the act or process of digging, especially when something specific is being removed from the ground, it is also referred to as digging or removal of top soil of earth to perform a construction work or maintenance of old work.

3.2 POTENTIAL HAZARDS:

· Collapse of the sides of the excavation.

· Materials falling onto the people working in the excavation.

· People and vehicles falling into the excavation.

3.3 EHS RISK ASSESSMENT OF EXCAVATION

The EHS hazards for excavation and corresponding severity ratings are presented in table 02. The suggested control measures for various activities are tabulated in table 03.

4.RISK ASSESSMENT FOR FORMWORK:

4.1 FORMWORK:

The Formwork for concrete works in construction is normally developed as a mould for a structure, a fresh concrete will be poured only to harden subsequently. Concrete formwork construction mainly depends on structural element and type of formwork material, these formworks can also be named based on the type of structural member construction such as in slabs, beams and column formwork respectively.

4.2 POTENTIAL HAZARDS:

· Workers falling during steel fixing and the erection of formwork.

· Collapse of the formwork / falsework.

· Materials falling during the striking of formwork.

4.3 EHS risk assessment of Formwork:

The details of risk assessments associated with form work activities during shuttering and de-shuttering operations are shown in table 04. The formwork operations are dangerous and various hazards and control measures of formwork during shuttering and de-shuttering operations are presented in table 05.

Table No: 02 EHS risk assessment of EXCAVATIONS

S.No	Type of Hazards	Cause /effect	Probability Rating	Severity Rating	Hierarchy Control of Risk
1	Contact with underground utilities	Damage of utilities, electric shock	2	5	EC/AC/PPE
2	Contact with overhead lines	Electric shock occurs	2	5	EC/AC
3	Collapsing tendency of excavation side walls	Worker trapped, crushed and badly injured	2	5	EC/AC/PPE
4	Material falling on people working in excavation.	Worker gets injured due to hitting	2	3	EC/AC/PPE
5	People and vehicle falling into excavation	People get injured and side walls may collapse	2	4	EC/AC/PPE
6	People being struck by heavy items or movement of excavator	Serious injury	2	5	EC/AC/PPE
7	Ground Water intrusion	Collapse of side walls	2	5	EC/AC/PPE
8	Improper access and egress in excavation	Worker may fall	2	4	EC/AC/PPE
9	Harmful gases and fumes	IDLH condition occur	2	5	EC/AC/PPE
10	Accidents to the public	Serious injury to public	2	5	EC/AC/PPE

Hierarchy Control of Risk parameters are abbreviated as Engineering Control [EC], Administrative Control [AC] and Personal Protective Equipment [PPE]

5. CONCLUSION:

From the above studies it is seen that the major hazards while excavation, and erection of formwork occurs due to various unsafe acts and unsafe conditions like falling of side walls in excavation, falling of formwork due to excessive loading and improper design of respective work. Major hazard occurs in excavation due to improper installation of shoring, falling of objects, animals and humans due to absence of barricading, improper illumination during night time. Major hazards or accidents in formwork occur due to inefficient or insufficient nailing, bolting and inadequate bracing. The formwork may also collapse due to excessive vibration, inadequate control of concrete placement, premature removal of supports and lack of attention to framework details. For proper implementation of safe working environment and safe working procedures, the responsibility should be allocated to separate departments. Proper engineering controls, administrative controls and suitable PPE gives proper safety measures. The main focus of detailed study of hazard identification and risk assessment is to implement proper safety measures on construction sites even though it is a tough task to be accomplished by safety department with the help and support of administration.

Table No: 03 Excavation Hazards and Control Measures

S.No	Type of Hazards	Existing Control Measures
1	Contact with underground utilities	1. Underground utilities shall be check. 2. Follow Excavation Clearance permits system. 3. All underground services shall be isolated /diverted. 4. Gas detection test to be carried out incase necessary. 5. Ensure all tools shall be insulated. 6. Display warning signs. 7. Conducting daily PEP talk.8. Providing necessary PPEs.
2	Contact with overhead lines	1. Maintain proper safe distance clearance from OH lines.2. Signal man shall be provided. 3. Operator should be licensed.
3	Collapsing tendency of excavation side walls	1. Excavation should be as per drawing.2. Maintain slope based on the type of soil, or shoring.3. Excavated pit to be barricaded. 4. Separated access to be ensured for workmen. 5. Provide sign boards. 6. Conduct daily PEP talk.7. Provide necessary PPEs.
4	Material falling on people working in excavation.	1. Materials shall be stacked from 1 mtr. Distance from excavated pit. 2. Excavated material to be disposed regularly.3. Proper access shall have to provide from excavated pit by means of ladder. 4. Provide sign boards. 5. Conducting daily PEP talk.6. Providing necessary PPES.
5	People and vehicle falling into excavation	1. Provide hard barricading with min. clearance of 1m from the excavated pit. 2. Separate access to be maintained for vehicle andworkmen. 3. Warning signs to be displayed. 4. Trained operator with signal man to be deployed. 5. Ensure good condition of vehicle with all safety devices. 6. Wheel stopper to be provided.7. Conducting daily PEP talk.
6	People being struck by heavy items or movement of excavator	1. Display warning signs. 2. Restrict unauthorized entry.3. Ensure all safety devices like –Rear view mirror. 4. Engage trained operator with Helper. 5. Conducting daily PEP talk.6. Ensuring mandatory PPEs.
7	Ground Water intrusion	1. In case of water coming out dewatering shall be done.2. Area shall be identified for disposing of water. 3. Area shall be barricaded. 4. Condition of dewatering pump shall be checked.5. Proper drainage of water shall be provided. 6. No bare wire shall be there.
8	Improper access and egress in excavation	1. Provide safe access and egress by using ladder. 2. Ladder should be attached with supports and it should be above 1 m from the excavated pit. 3. Access and egress should be free from slippery materials. 4. Provide informatory signage. 5. Worker should be provided with necessary PPEs.
9	Harmful gases and fumes	1. If possible, Workers should be provided with SCBA. 2. Remove the harmful gases. 3. Restrict the entry of unauthorized person.4. Area should be barricaded.
10	Accidents to the public	1. Informatory and danger signage shall be provided.2. One person shall be deputed to control the traffic.

Table No: 04 EHS risk assessment for FORMWORK during shuttering and de-shuttering

S.No	Type of Hazards	Cause /effect	Probability Rating	Severity Rating	Hierarchy Control of Risk
1	Improper material handling	Injury/ Body pain	2	3	EC/AC/PPE
2	Overloading of vehicle	Tilting of vehicle causing injury /property damage	1	3	EC/AC/PPE
3	Improper sequence of material stacking	Injury due to fall of material	1	3	EC/AC/PPE
4	Carrying workmen in the loaded vehicle	Injury to fall of person from vehicle	2	3	AC/PPE
5	Improper lifting arrangement/ tools	Injury due to fall of material	1	3	E/AC
6	Poor condition of shuttering material	Injury due to fall of material	1	3	E/AC/PPE
7	Loose soil condition	Injury due to fall of shuttering	2	3	E/AC
8	Inadequate supports	Injury due to fall of shuttering	2	4	EC/AC/PPE
9	Working at height	Injury due to fall from height	2	4	EC/AC/PPE
10	Improper access	Injury due to fall of material	1	3	EC/AC
11	Improper sequence of de-shuttering	Injury due to fall of material	2	4	EC/AC/PPE
12	Inadequate supports	Injury due to fall of shuttering	2	4	EC/AC/PPE
13	Improper access	Injury due to slip, trip and fall	1	3	EC/AC

Hierarchy Control of Risk parameters are abbreviated as Engineering Control [EC], Administrative Control [AC] and Personal Protective Equipment [PPE]

Table No: 05 Hazards and Control Measures of FORMWORK during shuttering and de-shuttering

S.No	Type of Hazards	Existing Control Measures
1	Improper material handling	1. Proper material handling/ manual handling procedures shall be followed. 2. Always engage trained workmen for shifting of materials. 3. Conduct daily PEP talk. 4. Provide necessary PPEs. 5. Provide training on manual/ material handling techniques.
2	Overloading of vehicle	1. Avoid overloading by means of engaging suitable carrying vehicle. 2. Plan proper sequence of material stacking. 3. Engage suitable vehicle to avoid over loading of vehicle. 4. Ensure good condition of access road. 5. Deploy trained driver. 6. Ensure helper for guiding /controlling movement of vehicle.
3	Improper sequence of material stacking	1. Ensure proper stacking of material in the vehicle. 2. Proper tighten /securing of material. 3. Restrict speed of vehicle at site. 3. Ensure proper access road. 4. Instruct workmen to avoid overloading. 5. Provide necessary PPEs.
4	Carrying workmen in the loaded vehicle	1. No worker will be allowed to sit in loaded vehicle. 2. Create awareness among workers about safety rules.
5	Improper lifting arrangement/ tools	1. Use good conditions and suitable lifting appliances for loading and unloading. 2. Obtain test certificate for all lifting appliances. 3. Deploy competent person for work.
6	Poor condition of shuttering material	1. Shuttering material condition shall be checked before use. 2. Always engage trained workmen for shuttering work. 3. Conduct daily PEP talk. 4. Provide necessary PPEs.
7	Loose soil condition	1. Ensure proper compaction of ground. 2. Proper level to be maintained.
8	Inadequate supports	1. Provide proper supports to formwork. 2. Prior to use inspection shall be carried. 3. Competent erection gang shall be engaged. 4. Conduct PEP talk. 5. Provide necessary PPEs.
9	Working at height	1. Proper access to be provided for reaching to work spot. 2. Proper working platform to be provided with hard railing and toe board to avoid the fall of loose material. 3. Provide life line along the walkway platform. 4. Avoid loose material on the top. 5. Provide tool boxes to carry small tools. 6. Engage trained workmen. 7. Conducting daily PEP talk. 8. Ensuring medical fitness of workmen. 9. Providing necessary PPEs
10	Improper access	1. Provide safe access and egress. 2. Remove unwanted material on daily basis. 3. Ensure daily housekeeping to avoid accumulation of scrap material.
11	Improper sequence of de-shuttering	1. Dismantling should be carried out in sequence manner to avoid sudden collapse. 2. Using ropes for lowering the removed materials. 3. Ensure sufficient illumination. 4. Deploy trained workmen. 5. Conduct daily PEP talk. 6. Provide necessary PPEs.
12	Inadequate supports	1. Provide proper supports to formwork. 2. Prior to use inspection shall be carried. 3. Competent erection gang shall be engaged. 4. Conduct PEP talk. 5. Provide necessary PPEs.
13	Improper access	1. Provide safe access and egress. 2. Remove unwanted material on daily basis. 3. Ensure daily housekeeping to avoid accumulation of scrap material.

6. REFERENCES:

1. Leenu Paul., 2018. A study on risk identification and assessment in the construction of high – rise building, IJARIIE,(4): pp.661-664.

2. Krithika Priyadarshini., 2010. Safety Management and Hazards Control Measures in Construction, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, (2), pp.97-101.

3. Fung, I.W., Tam, V.W., Lo, T.Y. and Lu, L.L., 2010. Developing a risk assessment model for construction safety. International Journal of Project Management, 28(6), pp.593-600.

4. Moja, S.J. and Van Zuydam, C.S., Mphephu (2016) Hazard and Risk Assessment in Electricity Sector: A Case of Swaziland Electricity Company. J Geogr Nat Disast S6, pp.2167-0587.

5. Kasap, Y. and Subaş, E., 2017. Risk assessment of occupational groups working in open pit mining: Analytic Hierarchy Process. Journal of Sustainable Mining, 16(2), pp.38-46.

6. Zavadskas, E.K., Turskis, Z. and Tamošaitiene, J., 2010. Risk assessment of construction projects. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 16(1), pp.33-46.

7. Vibin Rakesh. V.R. (2015). Risk assessment and safety in formwork, two day National Conference on Civil Structures and Environmental Engineering, Vol.(1): pp.1-8

8. López-Arquillos, A., Rubio-Romero, J.C., Gibb, A.G. and Gambatese, J.A., 2014. Safety risk assessment for vertical concrete formwork activities in civil engineering construction. Work, 49(2), pp.183-192.

9. Anandhababu S, Vinoth, M., and Visagavel. K 2014, A Study on Risk Assessment in Construction Project of an Educational Institution, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 2014, Vol 3, PP 296-298.

10. Renuka, S.M., Umarani, C. and Kamal, S., 2014. A review on critical risk factors in the life cycle of construction projects. Journal of Civil Engineering Research, 4(2A), pp.31-36.

Received on 31.05.2020 Accepted on 23.06.2020

Int. J. Tech. 2020; 10(1):01-06.

DOI: 10.5958/2231-3915.2020.00001.2